Etiology and pathological anatomy of congenital clubfoot. current concepts review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rccot.2021.01.001Keywords:
clubfoot, congenital talipes equinovarus, etiology, risk factors, anatomical pathological condition, geneticsAbstract
Clubfoot is the most common orthopaedical deformity of the lower limb. The incidence may vary regarding geographical or ethnical influence but is accepted to be present in around 1-2 x 1000 newborns. Many theories have been proposed as a cause of clubfoot’s origin. Despite the heterogeneity of studies, metanalysis have shown family history and smoking as factors associated with the occurrence of clubfoot. Patho-anatomy studies have demonstrated muscular and neurovascular abnormalities, soft tissue retractions, and secondary bone and joint abnormalities. Several genes have been discovered with the developmental of new genetical testing (HOX-PITX1-TBX4-among others) but are still a rare finding and only explain the 5% of familiar association.
Evidence Level: IV
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