Idiopathic frozen shoulder. Review of Current Concepts
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rccot.2019.02.005Keywords:
adhesive capsulitis, frozen shoulder, shoulder capsulitis, shoulder pain, shoulder stiffness, evidence level: IVAbstract
Restriction of mobility of the glenohumeral joint is associated with a significant dysfunction in all areas of personal performance. Several shoulder conditions merge in this syndrome-type disorder characterised by: severe shoulder pain and reduced active and passive range of motion. It is generally self-limited and resolves spontaneously, which is satisfactory for most patients. A narrative review is presented that describes the aetiology, natural history, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, the most common treatments, and prognosis of the idiopathic stiff shoulder.The review of the literature describes a multitude of treatments, with variable results, which reflects the difficulties encountered by clinicians to establish a treatment, considering that the aetiology is not clear. A greater precision in the diagnosis would enable an effective treatment to be established, and a more predictable return to the patient’s daily tasks.
Downloads
References
Codman EA: Rupture of the supraspinatus tendon and other lesions in or about the susacromial bursa. In The Shoulder, Boston. Thomas Todd 19.
Neviaser JS. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1945;27:211-22.
Bunker T. Time for a New Name for Frozen Shoulder: contracture of the Shoulder. Shoulder & Elbow. 2009;1:4-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-5740.2009.00007.x
Le HV, Lee SJ, Nazarian A,Rodriguez EK. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: review of pathophysiology and current clinical treatments.Shoulder & Elbow 0(0) 1-10. In Print.
Zuckerman JD, Rokito A:. Frozen shoulder: a consensus definition. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2011;20:322-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2010.07.008
Armstrong A. Diagnosis and clinical assessment of a stiff shoulder. Shoulder & Elbow. 2015;7:128-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/1758573215569340
Tasto JP, Elias DW. Adhesive Capsulitis. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2007;15:216-21. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0b013e3181595c22
Neviaser A, Neviaser R:. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2011;19:536-42. https://doi.org/10.5435/00124635-201109000-00004
Hannafin JA, Strickland SM. Frozen Shoulder:Curr Opin Orthop. 2000;11:271-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001433-200008000-00008
Hsu JE, Okechukwu A, Warrender WJ, Abboud JA. Current Review of adhesive capsulitis. J Shoulder Elbow Surgery. 2011;20:502-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2010.08.023
Manske CR, Prohaska D:. Clinical commentary and literature review: diagnosis, conservative and surgical management of adhesive capsulitis. Shoulder & Elbow. 2010;2:238-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-5740.2010.00095.x
Rangan A, Goodchild L, Gibson J, Brownson P, Thomas M, Rees J, Kulkarni R. Frozen Shoulder. Shoulder & Elbow. 2015;7:299-307. https://doi.org/10.1177/1758573215601779
Milgrom C, Novack V, Weil Y, Jaber S, Radeva-Petrova, Finestone A:. Risk Factors for Idiopathic Frozen Shoulder. IMAJ. 2008;10:361-4.
Hannafin JA, Chiaia TA. Adhesive Capsulitis. A treatment approach. Clin orthop related research. 2000;372:95-109. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-200003000-00012
Rill BK, Fleckenstein CM, Levy MS, Nagesh V, Hasan SS. Predictors of outcome after nonoperative and operative treatment of adhesive capsulitis. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:567-74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546510385403
Cameron RI, McMillan J, Kelly IG. Recurrence of a "primary frozen shoulder": A case report. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2000;9:65-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1058-2746(00)90011-9
Kim KC, Rhee KJ, Shin HD. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: Dimensions of the rotator interval measured with magnetic resonance arthrography. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2009;18:437-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2008.10.018
Griggs S, Ahn A, Green A. Idiopathic adhesive capsulitis. A prospective functional outcome study of nonoperative treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000:1398-407, 82-A:. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-200010000-00005
Diercks RL, Stevens M. Gentle thawing of the frozen shoulder: a prospective study of supervised neglect versus intensive physical therapy in seventy-seven patients with frozen shoulder syndrome. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2004;13:499-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2004.03.002
Robinson CM, Seah KTM, Chee YH, Hindle P, Murray IR:. Frozen shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg. 2012:1-9, 94-B:. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.94B1.27093
Dawson Jill. Sasha Shepperd, and Andrew Carr. "An Overview of Factors Relevant to Undertaking Research and Reviews on the Effectiveness of Treatment for Frozen Shoulder. Shoulder & Elbow. 2010;2:232-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-5740.2010.00067.x
SheridanMA, HannafinJA: Upper Extremity: Emphasis on Frozen Shoulder. Orthop Clin N Am. 2006;37:531-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocl.2006.09.009
Grey RG. The natural history of "idiopathic" frozen shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 1978:564, 60-A. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-197860040-00029
Hand GCR, Athanasou NA, Matthews T, Carr A. J.: The pathology of frozen shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg [Br]. 2007:928-32, 89-B. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.89B7.19097
Ryan V, Brown H, Minns Lowe CJ, Lewis JS. The pathophysiology associate with primary (idiopathic) frozen shoulder: A systematic review.?BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2016;17:340. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-016-1190-9
Bunker T, Boyd M, Gallacher S, Auckland CR, Kitson J, Smith CD:. Association between Propionibacterium acnes and frozen shoulder: a pilot study. Shoulder & Elbow. 2014;6:257-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/1758573214533664
Bunker TD, Reilly J, Baird KS, Hamblen DL. Expression of growth factors, cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases in frozen shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg [Br]. 2000:768-73, 82-B:. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.82B5.0820768
Hwanga KR, Murrell GAC, Millar NL, Bonar F, Lam P, Walton JR. Advanced glycation end products in idiopathic frozen shoulders.J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2016;25:981-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2015.10.015
Xu, Yinghua, Fiona Bonar, George Ac. Murrell. "Enhanced Expression of Neuronal Proteins in Idiopathic Frozen Shoulder". Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2012;21:1391-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2011.08.046
Ryu J-D, Kirpalani PA, Kim J-M, Nam K-H, Han C-W, Han S-H. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis in the diabetic frozen shoulder. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2006;15:679-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2006.01.002
Debeer P, Franssens F, Roosen I, Dankaerts W, Claes L:. Frozen shoulder and the big five personality traits: J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014;23:221-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2013.07.049
Hutchinson JW, Tierney GM, Parsons SL, Davis TR. Dupuytren's disease and frozen shoulder induced by treatment with a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. J Bone Joint Surg [Br]. 1998:907-8, 80-B. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.80B5.0800907
Smith SP, Devaraj VS, Bunker TD. The association between frozen shoulder and Dupuytren's disease. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2001;10:149-51. https://doi.org/10.1067/mse.2001.112883
Zuckerman JD, Cuomo FC. Frozen shoulder. In: Matsen FA 3rd, Fu FH, Hawkins RJ, eds. The shoulder: a balance of mobility and stability. Rosemont: American Academy?of Orthopaedic Surgery 1993:253-67.
Shaffer B, Tibone JE, Kerlan RK. Frozen shoulder: a long-term follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 1992:738-46, 74-A. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199274050-00013
Lundberg BJ. The frozen shoulder: clinical and radiographical observations: the effect of manipulation under general anesthesia: structure and glycosaminoglycan content of the joint capsule: local bone metabolism. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1969;119:1-59. https://doi.org/10.3109/ort.1969.40.suppl-119.01
Massoud SN, Pearse EO, Levy O, Copeland SA. Operative management of the frozen shoulder in patientes with diabetes. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2002;11:609-13. https://doi.org/10.1067/mse.2002.127301
Ogilvie-Harris DJ, Myerthall S. The Diabetic Frozen Shoulder: Arthroscopic Release. Arthroscopy. 1997;13:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-8063(97)90203-6
Ho W-P, Huang C-H,Chiu C-C, Lee C-H,Chen C-H, Leu T-H,Chuang T-?Arthroscopic Repair of Rotator Cuff Tears With Shoulder Stiffness Arthroscopy. 2013;29(8):1283-1291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2013.05.024
Vargas R, Paez JE:. Hombro rígido postoperatorio de cirugia del manguito rotador asistida por artroscopia. Rev Colomb ortop traumatol. 2007;21:232-40.
McNamara WJ, Lam PH, Murrell GAC. The Relationship Between Shoulder Stiffness and Rotator Cuff Healing. A Study of 1,533 Consecutive Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repairs. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2016;98:1879-89. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.15.00923
Chen S-K, Chou P-H, Lu Y-J, Lu Y-M. Treatment for frozen shoulder combined with calcific tendinitis of the supraspinatus. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2008;24:78-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1607-551X(08)70101-3
Tamai K, Yamato M. Abnormal synovium in the frozen shoulder: A preliminary report with dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1997;6:534-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1058-2746(97)90086-0
Denard PJ, Lädermann A, Burkhart SS. Prevention and management of stiffness after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: Systematic review and implications for rotator cuff healing. Arthroscopy. 2011;27:842-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2011.01.013
Bridgman JF. Periarthritis of the shoulder and diabetes mellitus Ann. rheum. Dis. 1972;31:69. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.31.1.69
Sano H, Hatori M, Mineta M, Hosaka M, Itoi E. Tumors masked as frozen shoulders:a retrospective analysis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010;19:262-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2009.05.010
Arkkila PE, Kantola IM, Viikari JS, Ronnemaa T. Shoulder capsulitis in type I and II diabetic patients: association with diabetic complications and related diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 1996;55:907-14. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.55.12.907
Zreik NH, Malik RA, Charalambous CP:. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder and diabetes: a meta-analysis of prevalence. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal. 2016;6: 26-34. https://doi.org/10.32098/mltj.01.2016.04
Thomas SJ, McDougall C, Brown ID, et al. Prevalence of symptoms and signs of shoulder problems in people with diabetes mellitus. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2007;16:748-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2007.02.133
Yian EH, Contreras R, Sodl JF. Effects of Glycemic Control on Prevalence of Diabetic Frozen Shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:919-23. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.J.01930
Hand C, Kim Clipsham K, Jonathan L. Rees JL, and Andrew J. Carr AJ. Long-term outcome of frozen shoulder.J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2008;17:231-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2007.05.009
Cohen C, Ejnisman B, Epidemiology of frozen shoulder. In: E Itoi et al,(eds). Shoulder Stiffness: Current Concepts and Concerns. ISAKOS 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46370-3_2
Robinson D, Halperin N, Agar G, Alk D, Rami K. Shoulder girdle neoplasms mimicking frozen shoulder syndrome. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2003;12:451-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1058-2746(03)00092-2
Badalamente MA, Wang ED:. Clinical Trials of a New Treatment Method for Adhesive Capsulitis;Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016;474:2327-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-4862-8
Buchbinder R, Hoving JL, Green S, Hall S, Forbes A, Nash P. Short course prednisolone for adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder or stiff painful shoulder): a randomised double blind, placebo controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63:1460-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2003.018218
Dundar U, Toktas H, Cakir T, Evcik D,Kavuncu V: Continuous passive motion provides good pain control in patients with adhesive capsulitis;?International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 2009 Sep;32(3):193-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/MRR.0b013e3283103aac
Yoon S-H, Lee HY, Lee HJ, Kwack K-S. Optimal Dose of Intra-articular Corticosteroids for Adhesive Capsulitis. A Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Am. J. Sports. 2013;41:1133-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546513480475
Maund E, Craig D, Suekarran S, Neilson AR, Wright K, Brealey S, et al. Management of frozen shoulder: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Technol Asses.s. 2012;16:1-264, https://doi.org/10.3310/hta16110
Buchbinder R, Green S, Youd JM, Johnstone RV:. Oral steroids for adhesive capsulitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Ed. 2006;4:CD106809. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006189
Rouhani A, Mardani-Kivi M,Bazavar M,Tabrizi A, HashemiMotlagh K, Saheb-Ekhtiari K: Calcitonin effects on shoulder adhesive capsulitis. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2016;26:575- 580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00590-016-1816-5
Quraishi NA, Johnston P, Bayer J, Crowe M, Chakrabarti AJ. Thawing the frozen shoulder. A randomised trial comparing manipulation under anaesthesia with hydrodilatation. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 2007:1197-200, 89-B. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.89B9.18863
Oh JH,Oh CH,Choi J-A, Kim S H, June Hyuk Kim JH,Yoon JP, ?Comparison of glenohumeral and subacromial steroid injection in primary frozen shoulder: a prospective, randomized shortterm comparison study?J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2011;20:1034- 1040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2011.04.029
Lorbach O, Anagnostakos K, MDb, Scherfb C, Seil R, Kohn D, Pape D. Nonoperative management of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: Oral cortisone application versus intra- articular cortisone injections. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010;19:172-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2009.06.013
Griesser MJ, Harris JD, Campbell JE, Jones GL. Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder. A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Intra-Articular Corticosteroid Injections. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93:1727-33. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.J.01275
Oh JH, Oh CH, Choi J-A, Kim SH, Kim JH, Yoon JP. Comparison of glenohumeral and subacromial steroid injection in primary frozen shoulder: a prospective ?randomized short-term comparison study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2011;20:1034-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2011.04.029
Jacobs LG, Guy Smith M, Sohail A, Khan SA, Smith K, Joshi M. Manipulation or intra- articular steroids in the management of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder? A prospective randomized trial. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2009;18:348-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2009.02.002
Piotte F, Gravel D, Moffet H, Fliszar E, Roy A, Nadeau S, Bédard D, Roy G. Effects of repeated distension arthrographies combined with a home exercise program among adults with idiopathic adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;83:537-46. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PHM.0000130030.73449.60
Kivimäki J, Pohjolainen T, Malmivaara A, Kannisto M, Guillaume J, Seitsalo S, Nissinen M. Manipulation under anesthesia with home exercises versus home exercises alone in the treatment of frozen shoulder: A randomized, controlled trial with 125 patients J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2008; 90-A: 1792.J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2007;16:722-726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2007.02.125
Lapnera PC, Athwalb GS:. The stiff shoulder: how, why, and when to treat. Current Orthopaedic Practice. 2008;19:538-41. https://doi.org/10.1097/BCO.0b013e328305be02
Dudkiewicz I, Oran A, Salai M, Palti R, Pritsch M. Idiopathic adhesive capsulitis: long-term results of conservative treatment. Isr Med Assoc J. 2004;6:524-6.
Theodorides AA, Owen JM, Adrian E, Sayers AE, Woods DA. Factors affecting short- and long-term outcomes of manipulation under anaesthesia in patients with adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Shoulder & Elbow. 2014;6:245-56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1758573214528155
Dodenhoff RM, Levy O, Wilson A, Copeland SA. Manipulation?under anesthesia for primary frozen shoulder: effect on early recovery and return to activity. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2000;9:23-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1058-2746(00)90005-3
Farrell CM, Sperling JW, Cofield RH. Manipulation for frozen shoulder: long-term results. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2005;14:480-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2005.02.012
Loew M, Heichel TO, Lehner B. Intraarticular lesions in primary frozen shoulder after manipulation under general anesthesia. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2005;14:16-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2004.04.004
Andersen M, Sejbjerg JO, Johannssen HV, Sneppen O. Frozen shoulder: Arthroscopy and manipulation under general anesthesia and early passive motion. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1998;3:218-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1058-2746(98)90048-9
ThomasWJC, Owen JM,Sangster MJ,Kirubanandan R, Beyon C. Woods DA. Treatment of frozen shoulder by manipulation under anaesthetic and injection. Does the timing of treatment affect the outcome?J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011; 93-B: 1377-81. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.93B10.27224
Grant JA, Schroeder N, Miller BS, Carpenter JE. Comparison of manipulation and arthroscopic capsular release for adhesive capsulitis: a systematic review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2013;22:1135-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2013.01.010
Cho NS, Rhee YG. Functional outcome of arthroscopic repair with concomitant manipulation in rotator cuff tears with stiff shoulder. Am J Sports Med. 2009;36:1323-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546508314402
Buchbinder R,Green S,Youd JM,Johnston RV,Cumpston M. Arthrographic distension for adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jan 23;(1):CD007005. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007005
Sharma SP, Bærheim A, Moe-Nilssen R, Kvåle A. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder, treatment with corticosteroid, corticosteroid with distension or treatment-as-usual; a randomised controlled trial in primary care. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2016;17:232. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-016-1081-0
Gleyze, P. Clavertb, Flurin C, E. Laprellec, D. Katzd, B. Toussainte,?T. Benkalfate f, C. Charoussetg, T. Joudeth, T. Georgesi, L. Hubertj,?L. Lafossee, P. Hardyk, N. Solignack, C. Lévignel,the French Arthroscopy?Society.Management of the stiff shoulder. A prospective multicenter comparative study of the six main techniques in use: 235 cases.Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2011; 97:S167-S181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2011.09.004
Snow M, Boutros I, Funk L. Posterior arthroscopic capsular release in frozen shoulder. Arthroscopy. 2009;25:19-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2008.08.006
Liem D, Meier F, Thorwesten L, Marquardt B, Steinbeck J, Poetzl W:. The Influence of Arthroscopic Subscapularis Tendon and Capsule Release on Internal Rotation Strength in Treatment of Frozen Shoulder. Am J Sports Med. 2008 May;36:921-6, https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546507313090
Warner JJ, Allen A, Marks PH, Wong P. Arthroscopic release for chronic, refractory adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 1996:1808-16, 78-A. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199612000-00003
Le Lievre H, Murrell GA. Long-Term Outcomes After Arthroscopic Capsular Release for Idiopathic Adhesive Capsulitis J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:1208-16. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.J.00952
Ide J, Takagi K. Early and long-term results of arthroscopic treatment for shoulder stiffness. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2004;13:174-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2003.11.001
Elhassan AE MD, Ozbaydar M, Massimini D, Higgins L, Warner J P. Arthroscopic capsular release for refractory shoulder stiffness: A critical analysis of effectiveness in specific etiologies. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010;19:580-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2009.08.004
Barnes CP, Lam PH, Murrell GAC. Short-term outcomes after arthroscopic capsular release for adhesive capsulitis J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2016;25:e256-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2015.12.025
Yamaguchi K, Hollis R. Arthroscopic release of frozen shoulder. Semin arthro. 2008;19:50-3. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sart.2007.12.032
Berghs BM, Sole-Molins X, Bunker TD. Arthroscopic release of adhesive capsulitis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2004;13:180-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2003.12.004
Chen J, Chen S, Li Y, Hua Y, Li H. Is the extended release of the inferior glenohumeral ligament necessary for frozen shoulder? Arthroscopy. 2010;26:529-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2010.02.020
Chambler AFW, Carr AJ:. Aspects of current management: The role of surgery in frozen shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 2003:789-95, 85-B. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.85B6.14379
Omari A, Bunker TD. Open surgical release for frozen shoulder: surgical findings?and results of the release. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2001;10:353-7. https://doi.org/10.1067/mse.2001.115986
Rookmoneea M, Dennis L, Brealey S, et al. The effectiveness of interventions in the management of patients with primary frozen shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg [Br]. 2010:1267-72, 92-B. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.92B9.24282
Watson L, Dalziel R, Story I. Frozen shoulder: A 12-month clinical outcome trial. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2000;9:16-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1058-2746(00)90004-1
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
Derechos de autor
Los autores aceptar transferir a la Revista Colombiana de Ortopedia y Traumatología los derechos edición, publicación y reproducción de los artículos publicados. La editorial tiene el derecho del uso, reproducción, transmisión, distribución y publicación en cualquier forma o medio. Los autores no podrán permitir o autorizar el uso de la contribución sin el consentimiento escrito de la revista. Una vez firmada por todos los autores, la carta de Cesión de derechos debe ser cargada en el paso dos del envío.
Aquellos autores que tengan publicaciones en esta revista aceptan los siguientes términos:
- Los autores/as conservarán sus derechos de autor y garantizarán a la revista el derecho de primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la Licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores/as podrán adoptar otros acuerdos de licencia no exclusiva de distribución de la versión de la obra publicada (p. ej.: depositarla en un archivo telemático institucional o publicarla en un volumen monográfico) siempre que se indique la publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y recomienda a los autores/as difundir su obra a través de Internet (p. ej.: en archivos telemáticos institucionales o en su página web), lo cual puede producir intercambios interesantes y aumentar las citas de la obra publicada. (Véase El efecto del acceso abierto).
